Gondwana was a super-continent which broke up around 150 million years ago giving the continental blocks of Africa, Arabia, India, South America, the Antarctic and Australia. Faults marked by dotted lines and shear zones marked by dashed lines. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Sekhar Chandra Ghosh, in Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2019. Thus these two factors, granitic provenance and broadly fluvial environment, remained somewhat similar for Gondwana sediments. Continental collision in the Neoproterozic East African orogen: Implications for the consolidation of Gondwana land. A sketch map of the East African Orogen showing the location of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (a collage of Neoproterozoic terranes) relative to the Mozambique belt and adjacent cratonic margins caught up as the suture between East and West Gondwana. Gondwana. From: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003, A.B. By this time, multicellular organisms had evolved, but they were primitive. The Gondwana supercontinent after amalgamation of West and East Gondwana resulting from the formation of the East African orogen. Fig. However, the accumulation of Pan-African zircon ages mostly from Antarctica together with many of reliable paleomagnetic data from various parts of the globe, resulted in a reevaluation of the above classical model with the emergence of a radical new model. However, there was much opposition to Wegener’s ideas on continental drift and the concept of a previously united Gondwana, largely due to the lack of a plausible mechanism for the necessary continental movements. Modified after Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., & Dasgupta, S. (2003). If CO2 cannot reach that threshold, no glaciation will develop even if the orbital elements are optimal. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Lithofacies analysis of the Permian Gondwana sequence in borehole GDH-45 of the Khalaspir Basin was performed with a view to deduce the nature of depositional environments. Chakraborty et al. The word itself has prehistoric origins. The earliest phase of Gondwana sedimentation (especially during the Talchir) took place in the eroded topographic depressions. These lithostratigraphic units, for brevity, were designated as Units A through D by Dutta et al. The museum in Mumbai where I started. L'Afrique, l'Arabie, l'Inde, l'Amérique du Sud, l' Antarctique et l'Australie sont des blocs continentaux résultant de la dislocation, il y a environ 150 Ma, d'un supercontinent : le Gondwana. [After Gondwana, a region of central India, ultimately from Sanskrit Goṇḍavanam : goṇḍaḥ, Gond + vanam, forest .] See also: Gondwana Gondwanaland. The Kuunga orogeny was interpreted to mark the collision of Australia and Antarctica with the rest of Gondwana and was subsequently correlated with a broad belt of orogenesis from the Damara Orogen in the west to the Pinjarra Orogen in the east, with a southern spur to Dronning Maud Land (Meert, 2003). Gondwana: how it got its name; the word, the Gond people and the geologists. Glacial records exist on all Gondwanan continents. The Son Valley Basin (SVB), also known as the Rewa Basin (based on its placement in the earlier Rewa state), forms the continuity between the E-W trending Damodar-Koel Valley and the Satpura Gondwana Basin belt (Figs. Gondwana. Gondwana Supercontinent: Definition & Breakup Instructor: Betsy Chesnutt Show bio Betsy teaches college physics, biology, and engineering and has a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering The distribution of Gondwana-affinity Permo-Carboniferous indicates that basins whose remnants are now represented by the Yarlung–Zangbo Suture and the Bangong–Nujiang Suture did not exist at that time, and the vast area south of the Lungmu–Shuanghu–Jinshajiang Zone in Tibet and west of the Changning–Menglian Belt in Yunnan formed a part of the northern margin of Gondwana. These probably represent the earlier topographic positive areas affected by physical weathering and intense groundwater activity (Dutt and Mukhopadhyay, 2000). The Gondwana basins are typically bounded by faults that developed along ancient Precambrian grains as mentioned earlier. na. Gondwana (originally Gondwanaland) is the supercontinent composed of the land masses of the present-day southern hemisphere (Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica, together with India and Arabia). The Indian continent comprises a mosaic of a few Archaean cratons, which are mechanically strong, but have collisional junctions and bordering Proterozoic mobile belts that are mechanically weak. Gondwana, ["Land der Gond", nach dem alten Königreich der Gonden in Zentralindien], erstmals 1872 von H.B. "The idea of Gondwana — the agglomeration of the southern continents — arose first from a rather simple observation of the excellent jigsaw fit between South America and Africa and the similarities between flora and fauna across the continents that make up Gondwana," says Joseph Meert, a professor in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Florida, in an email interview. The three main Gondwana basin belts in the Indian shield are: (i) broadly NW-SE trending Pranhita-Godavari Valley and (ii) Mahanadi Valley belts, and (iii) broadly E-W to ENE-WSW trending Damodar-Koel-Son Valley and Satpura Mountain belt. Definition und GSSP. Gondwanaland or “Gondwana” is the name for the southern half of the Pangaean supercontinent that existed some 300 million years ago. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. one of the two ancient supercontinents produced by the first split of the even larger supercontinent Pangaea about 200 million years ago, comprising what are now North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia (excluding India)See also Gondwanaland, Pangaea. The Gondwana basin belts in the Indian shield overlie Proterozoic mobile belts that have encapsuled Archaean collisional sutures. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, University of New England Australia, Armidale, Australia, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), Tectonic Setting and Gondwana Basin Architecture in the Indian Shield, Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, Acharyya and Roy, 2000; Acharyya, 2001a,b, Crowley and North, 1991; Frakes and Francis, 1988; Frakes et al., 1992; Crowell, 1999; Veizer et al., 2000; Crowley and Berner, 2001, Caputo, 1985; Hambrey, 1985; Brenchley et al., 1994; Crowell, 1999; Kump et al., 1999; Sutcliffe et al., 2000, Brenchley et al., 2003; Melchin and Holmden, 2006; Delabroye and Vecoli, 2010. Figure 6.2. The name “Gondwana” was originally coined by H.B. The upper coal measures are typically developed and are named after the basin. The basin belt occurs at the junction with NW-SW trending Mahanadi Valley Basin belt (Fig. However, there is also a variation in the SLAMIN model that India did not collide with west Gondwana until late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian times (Boger & Miller, 2004). 9.2). Raniganj Gondwana basin is the easternmost member of the E-W trending Damodar-Valley Gondwana basin belt, and it has ideally developed Gondwana stratisgraphy and structural setting. It is fairly well established that the orogenic events related to the formation of the Gondwana supercontinent were described as the global “Pan-African” episode (Clifford, 1968). The Gondwana sequence in the Indian shield was initiated during the Late Paleozoic glaciation after a prolonged gap following the Proterozoic. Definition. Topographic relief and faulting during the postdepositional phase resulted in the varying morphology of the individual basins. Therefore, there should be sutures that mark the boundaries of the various blocks that assembled during this period. BF, Bijuri; BCF, Bahmani chilpa fault; DF, Dulhara fault; DHF, Dhanpura fault; JF, Janakpur fault; KCF, Kanchanpur fault; KF, Kotma fault; KKF, Karki fault; MF, Meghuli fault; MTF, Mitgain fault; PF, Pakaria fault; SF, Shahdol fault. The Milankovitch cycle alone is not sufficient to initiate the glaciation. The longer boundaries of the Gondwana subbasins are generally faulted and give them “half-graben” geometry; their basin boundary faults indicate steep downward movement, conforming to gravity faults. Talchir Formation formed under glaciomarine condition is the oldest. Preface-Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup. The setting of the “Kamthi formation” is, however, different, as it assumes mixed bio- and lithostratigraphic levels of Late Permian to Early Jurassic dual features as will be discussed later. The Proterozoic basin belts that are oriented oblique to the extension axis (~ 60 degrees) opened and developed contemporaneously during the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic. Gondwana represents approximately one third of the continents of today and contains around 60% of world mineral resources. Except for the lower most glaciogene, fluvioglacial, glaciomarine sediments in the lithostratigraphic Unit A, the rest of the Gondwana succession is largely under a variety of fluvial settings, with some records of fluviodeltaic, fluviolacustrine, and alluvial sediments. GONDWANA [ɡänˈdwänə] DEFINITION. Gondwana sediments are intruded by sills and dykes of mica-lamprophyres followed by dolerite dykes, which have an overlapping relationship with faulting. 9.2. Find Synonyms. Scientists believe that there was once a super continent, in which all continents of earth were connected as one. The deposition of sediments was affected by intrabasinal faults indicating fault-controlled syn-sedimentary subsidence. The Gondwana Basin belts in India occur as rectilinear zones within the Proterozoic mobile belts that have encapsuled the Archean collisional sutures. 15.4). It still needs an appropriate CO2 level. It is challenging to identify sutures in such terranes from surface geology since granulite-facies metamorphism, partial melting, and pervasive ductile deformation mask many of the features used to identify sutures at shallower crustal levels, and the suture zones are also more likely to correspond to areas of poor outcrop than to regions of good exposure. 15.4. Palaeodrainage systems at the initial (incipient) stages led to the development of pockets of Palaeosols. Gondwana represents approximately one third of the continents of today and contains around 60% of world mineral resources. Geological evidence has proved that glaciations existed in ;the Precambrian, late Ordovician especially the Hirnantian stages, early Silurian, and late Devonian (Caputo, 1985; Hambrey, 1985; Brenchley et al., 1994; Crowell, 1999; Kump et al., 1999; Sutcliffe et al., 2000; Brenchley et al., 2003; Melchin and Holmden, 2006; Delabroye and Vecoli, 2010). Excluding coastal Gondwana, Unit D, represented by hill-forming feldspar-poor, quartz-arenite and variegated claystones, indicating products of deep chemical weathering, is classified as the Upper Gondwana, whereas the remaining A-C lithounits are considered the Lower Gondwana. From the Jurassic period, Pangea, and consequently Gondwana, fragmented land evolved towards the current configuration of the continents. The basin itself is thought to have been of the nature of a gradually sinking broad trough where deposition of the sediments was accompanied by the subsidence of the basin (under the load) so that huge accumulations were possible in due course of … Subhrangsu K. Acharyya, in Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2019. The Kuunga Orogeny was originally defined on the basis of geochronological data and interpreted to be related to the collision between Australia/Antarctica and an already combined India/East Africa. A few isolated areas of the Gondwana lithic fill are located in the Son Valley and beyond the southern border of the Rewa Gondwana basin or the main SVB area (Fig. It comprised the present Arabia, Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia, and the peninsula of India. The Milankovitch cycle is only one factor for the inception and demise of glaciations although the Milankovitch cycle does play significant roles in waxing and waning of ice sheets. Figure 6.3. The focal theme addressed in this chapter is to correlate and compare these POI and their constituents with similar features in other fragments of Gondwana. Gondwana had formed somewhat earlier, 650 to 450million years ago, by the closure of multiple “Pan-African” suture belts stitching together constituent pieces that are now parts of modern Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica. Gondwana or Gondwanaland was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic (about 180 million years ago), with the opening of the Drake Passage, separating South America and Antarctica occurring during the Eocene. Subsequent studies suggest that the West Gondwana (i.e., the cratons of South America and Africa) was amalgamated between 650 and 600 Ma, and that the East Gondwana was assembled in at least two stages, between 750 and 620 Ma (East African Orogen (EAO)) and at 570–500 Ma (Kuunga Orogen) (Meert, 2001). It is widely accepted that Gondwana Rocks are of fluviatile origin, that is, these have been deposited by streams and rivers in the so called Gondwana basin. It is postulated that the Indian Shield was under NNE-SSW trending regional extension, and the Gondwana basins opened contemporaneously during the Late Paleozoic mimicking and inheriting the Proterozoic structural weaknesses and the Proterozoic fabric. The crustal architecture of Indian continent constitutes several discrete crustal blocks and intervening shear zone systems, possibly representing collisional sutures manifest in the form of well-developed Proterozoic orogens that assume special significance in the form of a critical window when viewed in the geologic reconstruction of Gondwanaland (Fig. Similar sequence and assemblage also occur in other southern continents that are now separated by oceans but were once constituents of the Gondwana supercontinent. The basin commonly developed half-graben geometry, and the longer arm as well as the southern boundary of the basin is faulted and responsible for steep downward movement and greater sediment thickness toward the boundary fault. The youngest Gondwana formation is the Supra-Panchet, which marked the culmination of Gondwana depositional history. Reproduced from Chakraborty et al. The older components of the ANS include Archean and Paleoproterozoic continental crust, and the Neoproterozoic (c. 870–670 Ma) continental-marginal and juvenile intra oceanic magmatic-arc terranes that accumulated in an oceanic environment referred to as the Mozambique Ocean (Johnson & Wodehaimont, 2003). The superterrane core of Gondwana included the modern continents of South America, Africa, and most of Antarctica and Australia, as well as Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent, which forms 64% of total landmass today and 19% of the total Earth surface (Torsvik & Cocks, 2011). The glacial detritus was dumped in the earlier formed basins with interplay of unidirectional currents and oscillating waves during storms (Bhattacharya et al., 2009). a vast continental area believed to have existed in the southern hemisphere and to have resulted from the breakup of Pangaea in Mesozoic times. Gondwana Supergroup: Origin and Evolution. Paleogeography, apparent polar wander, CO2 levels, and the Milankovitch cycle all contributed to the glaciations on Gondwana. However, the concept of Gondwana was transformed and enlarged by Wegener (1912), who postulated for the first time that the major components of Gondwana were united as a single superterrane during the Late Paleozoic, as characterized both by the Glossopteris flora and also by the presence of glacial deposits normally formed in a polar region. An ice-covered Antarctica was the key component of this long-lived subsupercontinent. 1.4 and 1.5). Such combinations of geography, CO2 levels, and solar constant change, and the Milankovitch cycle complicate the glacial history of Earth. They are mostly filled by Early Permian sedimentary sequence and have been also included as subbasins within SVB by some, while, on the other hand, some prefer to place them in the Mahanadi Valley Gondwana basins. The Gondwana basin belts in the Indian shield occur as discrete rectilinear belts, following the Proterozoic mobile belts that encapsule collisional sutures between the Archaean cratons. Duden | Gondwana | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft 9.1. Gondwana zerfiel gegen Ende des Mesozoikums vollständig in die heutigen Kontinente, die durch Vorgänge der Plattentektonik zu ihrer heutigen Lage auseinander drifteten. Definition, Rechtschreibung, Synonyme und Grammatik von 'Gondwana' auf Duden online nachschlagen. Medlicott (1869) of the Indian Geological Survey for a sedimentary sequence of nonmarine rocks in India, which hosted the distinctive Late Paleozoic Glossopteris flora. However, there is a lack of well-constrained age data for most of its formations, which causes both intra- and interbasinal correlation problems, particularly for the Mesozoic formations. It is logically and tectonostratigraphically difficult to conceive of a tectonic model to initiate opening up such obliquely disposed Gondwana basins contemporaneously. Gondwana's final formation occurred about 500 million years ago, during the late Ediacaran Period. It was fully assembled by Late Precambrian time, some 600 million years ago, and the first stage of its breakup began in the Early Jurassic Period, about 180 million years ago. n. (Geological Science) one of the two ancient supercontinents produced by the first split of the even larger supercontinent Pangaea about 200 million years ago, comprising chiefly what are now Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and the Indian subcontinent. GONDWANA - Das Praehistorium bleibt aufgrund der Pandemie-Schutzverordnungen bis auf weiteres geschlossen. East Gondwana was traditionally thought to have formed as a major part of Rodinia during the Mesoproterozoic Grenvillian-Circum-East Antarctic Orogeny (Yoshida, 1995) and survived until the Middle-Late Mesozoic when Pangaea broke up. The Gondwana supercontinent was the largest unit of continental crust on Earth for more than 200 million years. However, the Gondwana basin belts each initiated contemporaneously and show parallel Gondwana stratigraphy (Table 2.3). All these, barring the Barren Measures, contain economically exploitable coal seams. These alternated with shorter intervals of relative tectonic quiescence or slower rate of subsidence, favourable for the development of the regional coal seams (Mukhopadhyay, 1984). Medlicott vorgeschlagen, von O. Feistmantel 1876 eingeführt und v.a.
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